What is Linux operating system. A Brief History of Linux

In this article I will try to tell you as simply and clearly as possible about what is Linux, what is a Linux distribution, I’ll tell you about the features of Linux and the differences from the Windows operating system, we’ll also talk about the graphical user interface in Linux and much more.

Linux is a free operating system for a computer based on the Linux kernel.

Linux kernel- this is the main component of the operating system, which is the center of this system, around which everything is built. The Linux kernel coordinates all actions between the computer's hardware and all components of the operating system, including applications. Thus, the Linux kernel is the base, the foundation on which the Linux operating system is built.

The Linux kernel first appeared in 1991, developed by Finnish programmer Linus Torvalds.

Official symbol of Linux is a penguin named Tux, which is different from "ordinary" penguins have yellow beaks and paws. Therefore, do not be surprised that almost all mentions of Linux are accompanied by such a penguin.

The Linux operating system is a modular system and it is extensible, thus the Linux operating system consists not only of the kernel, it also includes a graphical shell ( graphical user interface), a set of applications, and other components that connect and interact with the Linux kernel.

Linux software is distributed in the form of packages and stored in special so-called repositories.

Repository– this is a repository in which application packages or simply packages for expanding the functionality of the operating system are stored Linux systems. The repositories can be freely accessed from the operating system, so you can install additional programs very easily.

Note! If you want to learn how to use Linux on your home computer without using command line, then I recommend reading my book - “ »

Linux GUI

The main and popular ones in Linux are:

• KDE (K Desktop Environment) – one of the largest and most popular graphical shells, has a beautiful, convenient and functional interface, due to this it is quite demanding on computer resources;
• GNOME (GNU Network Object Model Environment) is another desktop environment that is widely used and is also very popular and functional. Starting from version 3, GNOME began to use technology "GNOME Shell", which made this environment completely new and significantly different from the classic version. It was this fact that prompted the creation of new shells that continued the classic GNOME environment, but with a different name;
• MATE– has an intuitive and, most importantly, convenient user interface, which makes it very attractive. This environment is a continuation of the classic GNOME interface;
• Cinnamon– another continuation of the classic GNOME using modern technologies. Very convenient, functional and beautiful desktop environment;
• Xfce– simple, functional and at the same time very fast and lightweight graphical shell;
• LXDE (Lightweight X11 Desktop Environment) is one of the lightest and fastest desktop environments that does not require computer resources, so it has a very conservative interface.

Features of Linux and difference from Windows

The main feature and difference between Linux and the Windows family of operating systems is that Linux uses a completely different approach to organizing file system and the use of completely different types of file systems.

In Windows, you are used to seeing logical drives C, D, and so on; in Linux there are no such drives. Instead, Linux has a root (/) from which everything grows. All file and directory addresses start from the root, all partitions are mounted to the root, including physical disks ( USB flash drives and so on).

Thus, absolutely all physical disks and partitions are combined into a single file structure, starting with the root (/).

Linux, as already noted, uses other file systems than, for example, Windows - NTFS or FAT, although Linux can work with these types of file systems.

The following types of file systems are actively used in Linux:

• ext4– modern journaling file system, which is standard for Linux;
• btrfs– a fairly new file system based on B-tree structures, in some tests it shows even better performance compared to ext4;
• xfs– this file system is distinguished by fairly high performance in terms of writing and reading data. However, due to the nature of this file system, in case of serious failures there is a risk of data loss.

In general, the internal workings of Linux and Windows systems are, of course, significantly different, but today for the average user home computer these differences are practically invisible. Modern Linux is a very convenient operating system already aimed at the average user.

But nevertheless, Windows still remains the most popular operating system, and precisely because of this, the most vulnerable. Since most viruses are created under Windows, every day "bad" developers are looking for vulnerabilities in this operating system in order to create another virus.

In Linux, things are much better with viruses, i.e. Much fewer viruses are created under Linux, and as a result, Linux is considered a more secure and virus-resistant operating system.

If we talk about software, Linux has become so widespread that a huge number of applications are being developed for this system, including the most popular ones found in Windows. And by the way, installing applications in modern Linux has become much easier than in Windows. The installation process resembles something like installing applications on smartphones, i.e. everything is installed from one point in one click. That is, you launch a system component that accesses the repositories and reads the list of available packages ( with description, with ratings, with comments from other users), and you just click on the one you need and that’s it. Of course, not all Linux distributions have such functionality, but in the most popular ones, installation occurs this way.

Also, the main difference from Windows is that Linux is a completely free and open source operating system. Any developer can modify it and create his own system based on it with absolutely legal rights. All software Linux is also mostly free. Linux is free to distribute and use. That’s why there are a huge number of Linux distributions, and I’ll tell you what they are now.

What is a Linux distribution?

Linux distribution is a type of Linux operating system. There are many Linux distributions, as any developer can use the Linux kernel and create his own operating system. Thus, developers unite in communities and create operating systems based on the Linux kernel, which are distributions. Distributions include all the necessary software for work, and often most distributions have everything you need to start using the system immediately after installation, unlike Windows, where after installing the system you still need to install the software necessary for work.

Also, distributions can be created and maintained by various companies, and such distributions may already be paid.

A Linux distribution can be based on another distribution, and thus countless varieties of distributions are born, which are based on each other and they all have the same base, the same foundation.

Almost every distribution has its own repository, which stores all packages compatible and supported by the distribution; therefore, when installing applications from standard repositories, you always install only verified versions of programs.

Linux distributions can be divided into two very large development branches, two directions. Here I mean division according to the way the software is organized and managed, i.e. in packages.

There are two popular package management systems:

• DEB– the format of package files used in the Debian distribution and all distributions based on it;
• RPM is a package manager used in the Red Hat distribution, as well as in many other popular distributions.

If you are a novice Linux user, then you do not need to look at what package management system the distribution is based on, you need to look at the distribution as an end product, i.e. for what purposes it is designed. I brought this division only so that you know that it exists; it will have virtually no effect on your familiarity with the Linux operating system. The only time you will encounter this is when you install third-party software that is not in the standard repositories. Since you will need to choose the type of package to install that matches your system.

Before switching to Linux, you need to find out what a particular distribution is created and intended for. Since there are, for example, distributions that do not have a graphical shell, i.e. server systems, there are distributions that are controlled exclusively on the command line and are created for advanced users, but at the same time, there are the most simple and user-oriented distributions that are not inferior to Windows.

We will talk more about Linux distributions in the next article.

That's all for today, for now!

The most popular operating system at the moment is Windows. This is due to both the successful start and the initial focus on working with inexperienced users. But almost everyone who has used this OS for several years has a question about what analogues can offer. One of these will be discussed in the article.

Linux: what is it and what does it consist of?

This is not an easy question. To fully familiarize yourself with the capabilities of this development, you need to read more than one book and spend a lot of time at the computer. The operating system itself is a set of programs that make it possible to interact with a computer and run other programs. At its core there are several important applications that can be divided into the following groups:

1. Allowing you to receive instructions from users and communicate with them.
2. Making it possible to read and write data to hard drive, as well as their reproduction using a printer.
3. Allowing you to control memory usage and the launch of other programs.

The most important part of an operating system is the kernel (called Linux). What does such a device give you in practice? Currently popular temporary samples use various programs that were written for this project as another part of the operating system. By the way, the full name of this OS is GNU/Linux. Next you will find out why she has such a name.

Creation

GNU/Linux was modeled after the Unix OS. From the very beginning, this operating system was designed to be multi-user and multi-tasking. This alone is enough to make her stand out. But there are much more differences in it. The most important thing is that it is free (a significant part of the developments was created by volunteers for free) and the absence of an owner. The Free Software Foundation first started creating something like this in 1984. Then they developed a Unix-like operating system, which was called GNU. Many basic functions were created, with the help of which it was possible to solve a wide range of problems (if compared with what generally existed then). In addition to the fund, many working groups and individuals made their contribution, which in no way detracts from their work. But there are still some peculiarities. Thus, the foundation created most of the tools used, the philosophy and community of enthusiastic users and independent programmers. Thanks to their efforts, a well-functioning one appeared. But this is still the story of only the first part. The Linux OS kernel was created by a Finnish student in 1991 (the first stable version dates back to 1994). Then it was announced as a replacement for Minix. The creator has not retired since then and continues to lead a group of several hundred programmers who are improving the operating system.

What does the operating system provide to users?

Today there is great freedom in choosing the necessary software. Thus, there are a dozen command line shells, as well as several graphical desktops. Moreover, this does not mean visual design, but a change in the functional part. Also, thanks to the adaptation of the operating system to run several programs, it is less susceptible to various failures and is better protected. Since its inception, Linux OS has been slowly but surely gaining its audience. So, most servers are already running on it. She is just beginning her journey in the corporate segment and at home. Each distribution differs in its functionality, appearance and size. So, there are options that provide the broadest opportunities. There are also those that can fit on a small flash drive or work on old computers. Also, immediately after, you are given the opportunity to quickly install software packages to work in certain areas (which is valuable if you are creating an “office” computer).

Terminal

This is an important part of working with the Linux operating system. What is a terminal? This powerful tool with enormous potential. With its help, you can lighten, or even completely transfer all the routine work. Using the terminal you can:

1. install and run programs;
2. configure the distribution or configuration files;
3. add new program repositories;
4. and many other things that this Linux review will tell you about.

Basic use of the terminal, as well as installation of programs

Launch it. To start a program, just enter its name. This way you can activate everything from simple timer programs to complex utilities. You don't need to enter this full path(which is a big difference from Windows). Let's take an example of running Firefox browser and immediately - the opening of the site. The latter must be placed in the arguments. Their types depend on the programs that are called. So, the desired command will look like this: firefox “address of the site we want to go to.” Another important feature of the terminal is that there are a number of commands that are designed to work with it. That is, they do not have a graphical interface. Now it's time to talk about Of course, there are graphical applications that can help with this task. So, launch the terminal and enter the following: sudo apt-get install package_name. Not difficult, right? The word sudo is used here to obtain administrator rights to install the program. Using apt-get, the desired parameters for the application are read. And install directly installs the program. Moreover, the peculiarity is that you can work with several applications at the same time - for this you only need to separate them using a space.

You can easily guess the name and purpose of installation packages without using various tools. But if this is not possible, press Tab. When changing distributions, it is not necessary to do everything all over again - just export the names of the packages used to text file to subsequently import its contents. This simple Linux instruction is necessary for initial work.

Working with files and directories

There is a nuance here that will help you quickly understand the features of the operating system. So, work always happens in the current directory. To do something in a different location, it must first be specified. There is such a command - nano. Used to open text editor. If you enter nano “document name”, a file with specified name. But what to do when it needs to be done in another folder? We write the command this way: nano /home/rabota/documents/”Document name”. If the specified directive does not contain a file with the required name and extension, a new one will be created and opened. What if you need to move from one folder to another? To do this, use the cd command. It can be specified itself - with /, ~ or with a directive. The first three commands will move to the root directory. To display a list of files in the current directory, use ls. To create a new directory, use mkdir "Name or path". To delete files, use the rm command. After it, it is necessary to indicate the name of the document or the directive for its placement.

To copy files, you must use the command cf “Document name” - “Path”. Please note that it must be used in the directory where the transferred object is located. mv works in the same way, but it is already moving the file. So, it is necessary to indicate as follows: mv “Directory where the document is located” - “Path where the object is moved.” From the outside it may look a little difficult, but a little practice will convince you that it only seems so. Now you can basicly configure Linux to suit your needs.

Working with the system

Use Tab. This is extremely useful key. So, it can help with autofill. This works for packages, files and folders. If there are several options, the system will offer to choose one of them. Also remember that taking care of Linux will be on your shoulders. Although you can use the provided assemblies if you don’t want to assemble your own brick by brick (although this is one of the features of the system). But just in case, know that this is a simple matter, and in most cases implementation of this action won't be difficult. You can also use any of the graphical interfaces, which is freely available (although the easiest way to control it is the command line).

Linux installation

What to do if you want to use this operating system? Then you need to know how to install and run Linux. Initially, choose the distribution that you will have. Ubuntu, Debian, CentOS and many others are popular. We draw your attention to the operating systems presented, although the final choice is yours. To do this, you will need to acquire an ISO image and burn it to disk. It is advisable to download the file from the official assembly website. Then you need to select the number of system bits. The 32 version has fewer compatibility issues and works better with drivers. But its 62 counterpart has better performance. True, they will also cause troubles that you will have to deal with. Before you start, get yourself backup copy all important data. Don't think that the system can ruin anything for you. It’s just that in most cases the users themselves, out of ignorance or in panic, delete important information. So, you have a disk with a system image. Before reinstalling, configure the basic I/O system to work with Now you can reboot.

As an example we will consider Ubuntu installation. This is a popular operating system, and it is not difficult to find recommendations for working with it. So, the screen will initially load where you will need to select “Install Ubuntu”. Initially, you will need to select the Linux language. Determine your time zone. Then you configure the keyboard. In the next step, you will need to prepare the disk space. At this stage, the solution to this issue can be delegated to the operating system, or everything can be determined manually. The last option is suitable for experienced users who know what a data sector is and how a computer works in general. Moreover, the level of awareness should be very high.

Once disk space issues have been exhausted, you will be prompted to name this computer and also create an administrator. It will be necessary to remember what was indicated here, otherwise it will be almost impossible to operate the machine in the future without reinstalling or resetting. By the way, you will need a password and username not only to log into the system. After this, a wizard window for transferring settings from other operating systems will appear in front of you. If they are not present, the step will be skipped. Otherwise, the operating system will offer to transfer files, as well as settings that were in user accounts. And at the end a window should appear in which the user's choice will be displayed. Check if everything is the way you want. If there are no complaints, then click on the “Install” button and the process will start. Depending on the configuration of the computer on which all these actions are carried out, the speed of replacement of operating systems varies. When all the necessary actions have been completed, you will be asked to click on the “Enter” button.

Launching Linux

When you turn it on for the first time, you will be greeted by the bootloader. In this case, running Linux will depend on the presence of third-party operating systems. If there is only one, then Linux itself will boot. If this is not the case, then you will have three options:

1. If you select the first one, the operating system will load in ten seconds.
2. The second option is analog safe mode Windows.
3. Testing RAM.

Also, depending on the number of installed operating systems, options for launching them will be added, and not just loading the Linux system. After activating Linux, you can start customizing its design, start using additional applications - in general, do everything to make the operating system as customized as possible for you. There are a huge variety, and you can choose what you like. Some problems can only arise when using games and calculation applications (AutoCAD and the like).

Linux Removal and Recovery

The same Ubuntu will be used as an example. It doesn’t matter why you asked the question “how to remove Linux” - you didn’t like the system or decided that it was difficult. The main thing is how to do it. Let's consider two options. In the first, let's say you have a fallback option in as Windows. In the second, we will assume that you have no other operating system:

1. Place the installation disc in the drive. Boot from it, changing the priority in the basic input/output system. Open the command line. You can do this through the menu installation disk. Then select the “System Repair” option. In English it looks like Repair your computer. Correcting the entry about system loading. To do this, enter the command bootrec /fixmbr. And at startup, you will no longer be presented with the operating system selection screen when you turn on the computer, and Windows will always load. Everything is ready. Now, for the changes to take effect, restart the machine. If you want to completely get rid of Ubuntu, then you need to do two more steps. First, open the disk management menu. In the window that opens, you will need to right-click on the partition with the operating system and select the command to delete it. That's it, she's gone. Now right-click on the Windows partition and select the “Extend partition” command. Free space must be added to it. But let us remind you that this can only be done if there is a spare operating system.
2. Now imagine that you only have one Ubuntu. Then you will need a disk with the desired operating system (Windows will be taken as an example). You insert it into optical drive. Then you will need to delete the partition that contains Linux. After that, continue with the installation. If this is not done, you will not be able to use the computer. And then you will have to create an operating system somewhere on a flash drive and carry out the necessary actions from it.

"Linux": so same and different

Let's talk about what analogues of Linux exist and give them brief description. Only the most popular distributions will be considered:

1. Ubuntu. Focused on ease of learning and use.
2. OpenSUSE. Convenient distribution during setup and maintenance.
3. Fedora. One of the most popular options that has gained love due to its versatility.
4. Debian. This distribution served as the basis for many others. A large community of developers is working on its creation. Has a strict approach to using proprietary software.
5. Slackware. One of the oldest distributions. Has a conservative approach regarding development and use.
6. Gentoo. Very flexible distribution. Compiled from source codes. The end result can be characterized by high productivity and flexibility in task execution. Aimed at experienced users and computer technology experts.
7. Archlinux. A distribution that focuses on application latest versions software. Constantly updated. Suitable for those who want to have all the advantages and modifications, but do not want to waste their time.

In addition to all these listed options, there are many other distributions. They can be based on those indicated above or created from scratch. In the second option, they are usually created to perform a limited range of tasks. Each distribution has its own concept, set of packages, advantages and disadvantages. None of them can claim to satisfy all users. Therefore, along with the leaders, other implementations created by associations of programmers and companies successfully exist. So, there are many developments that can function from a CD, and you don’t have to install the system on the computer itself. If there are no specific goals, then you can use any distribution. If you want to assemble the necessary components yourself, I recommend paying attention to Gentoo, CRUX or LFS.

What do those who use Linux tell us?

In general, you can research the reviews yourself. But the article contains a certain “compilation” of them for those who do not have the desire or time to search and read various texts. Reviews about Linux are mostly positive. A positive feature is the small amount of RAM that must be allocated for the operation of the operating system itself. She has also earned respect among those people who need to focus on work, but are constantly distracted by games. This is not least due to the fact that relatively little has been released for Linux entertainment programs. Of course, you can use the services of operating system emulators, but this always requires a lot of time and resources. Therefore, this is a good option for lazy people. Linux is very popular among representatives of the sector information technology. This is not least due to the availability of various various tools. Programmers and technical specialists speak positively about this system due to its versatility and ease of carrying out the necessary activities. The negative features usually cited are the need to have significant knowledge of computers, the ability to work scientifically, and the visual difference from Windows. These are the opinions you can find about Linux. The operating system really differs significantly from the familiar interface of most personal computers, but there is an opinion that this is more of an advantage than a disadvantage.

Conclusion

This brings the description of Linux to an end. The review presented many different aspects. You have learned and studied programs for Linux: what are the features of their work, how to install and run the operating system itself. Various commands have also been provided with which a basic range of user operations can be performed. We can only hope that the information about Linux - what it is and what it is used for - will be useful to you in practice.

Newcomers to the world of Linux are often confused by the variety of Linux distributions. Often it is difficult for them to understand what it is and they get lost in their huge number. But in fact, here everything can be grouped and presented in the form of a holistic picture to make everything easier to understand and navigate.

We have already talked about this in a separate article. In fact, it is the Linux kernel and a set of various software; we mean the same thing by the Linux operating system. Some Linux operating systems use the Linux kernel unchanged, while others modify it to gain greater security or implement necessary features. The advantages of a particular Linux operating system depend on the set of software that it uses. In this article we will look at the main types of Linux operating systems that currently exist.

All the systems on this list are in random order, so just because a system is in last place doesn't mean it's not worthy of attention.

1. Debian and other Deb systems

This group includes distributions based on Debian and others that use the Deb package management system. This package system was developed for Debian and is now quite often used in popular distributions, such as Debian itself, Ubuntu, LinuxMint, AstraLinux, Elementary and many others. These distributions use the original Linux kernel with a few patches that only fix bugs.

2. Red Hat and other Rpm systems

While the community was developing the Deb package management system, Red Hat created its own package manager, Rpm. Then all traditional Linux distributions were divided into two camps - those using deb and rpm. Now both package management systems are good and it cannot be said that one is worse than the other. You can read the detailed article in the link. Nowadays, the RPM package management system is used by such distributions as CentOS, Fedora, Red Hat, OpenSUSE and other less popular ones.

3. Arch Linux and those based on it

After some time, several more distributions appeared that did not use Deb or Rpm. One such distribution is ArchLinux. It uses its own package manager pacman, which allows you to do everything the same as deb, but in addition it is implemented simple system rolling releases. Thanks to her, the distribution always has the latest software. Arch quickly gained popularity and several distributions were based on it - Manjaro, Antergos, Cinnarch and many others.

4.Gentoo

Many users wanted to be able to compile their system themselves in order to choose which software to install, as well as to be optimized for their hardware. Therefore, a Gentoo distribution was created based on the Linux kernel, which uses the emerge package manager. Here you also get rolling releases, as well as the ability to compile your operating system on your computer with relative ease. The emerge package manager already contains ready-made build scripts, so you don’t have to add anything yourself.

5. Linux From Scratch

It's not really a distribution, LFS is a set of tools that allow you to build your own distribution based on the Linux kernel. You just take the kernel, take the sources necessary programs, all programs from the initialization system and command shell to the desktop environment, you collect it all, configure it and get your distribution.

6. ChromeOS

Even later, Google released its operating system for netbooks based on the Linux kernel. In fact, ChromeOS is based on Gentoo, but they are so different that it is impossible to combine them into one item. In this Google system implemented such an idea as the Linux cloud operating system. Yours workspace- this is a browser. Here you have to do everything in the browser - edit documents, work with videos, and even the Linux terminal in the browser. Files are primarily stored in the cloud. But it's still Linux.

7.Android

Not everyone knows, but the most popular operating system for mobile phones also uses the Linux kernel. All that remains of Linux here is the kernel and a few other things; Google has filled everything else with its various frameworks, Java, and so on. The capabilities of Linux are limited by the same Bionic security system, which prohibits loading dynamic libraries, but in the terminal you can work with rebuilt Linux commands, and in a chroot environment you can run a full-fledged Linux distribution.

8. Slackware

A fairly old Linux distribution, which at one time was considered the most Unix. Previously, several distributions were based on it, such as Blacktrack, Slax, VectorLinux and others. But then it slowly lost its popularity. It uses its own package manager, which The capabilities are not up to par with deb and rpm. Dependency resolution is not supported, and the commands for removing and installing packages are in different utilities.

9. OpenWrt and those based on it

OpenWrt is a Linux 2017 operating system for routers and routers based on the Linux kernel. In addition to the Linux kernel itself, it comes with a stripped-down version of the C library, standard Linux utilities and BusyBox. The system takes up little space and is optimized specifically for routers. Most settings are done on the command line.

10. Tizen and other IoT

An operating system based on the Linux kernel designed for various TVs, smart watch and other smart gadgets. The system is developed based on the Linux kernel by Samsung and is already used quite often. There are own applications and SDK for their development.

11. OS for supercomputers

As of 2017, Linux-based operating systems are most often used on supercomputers. Each company creates its own solution based on the kernel, which is optimized for its needs and needs. Of the 500 most powerful supercomputers, 498 run Linux and two more run UNIX, similar to IBM's AIX system.

A user who just wants to get acquainted with operating systems based on the Linux kernel can easily get confused in the assortment of various distribution kits. Their abundance is associated with the open source code of the kernel, so developers around the world are diligently adding to the ranks of already known operating systems. This article will discuss the most popular of them.

In fact, the variety of distributions is only beneficial. If you understand the distinctive features of certain operating systems, you will be able to choose the system that is perfect for your computer. Weak PCs receive a particular advantage. By installing a distribution kit for weak hardware, you will be able to use a full-fledged OS that will not load your computer and at the same time provide all the necessary software.

To try out one of the distributions presented below, just download the ISO image from the official website, burn it to a USB drive and start the computer from the flash drive.

If the manipulation of writing an ISO image of the operating system to a drive seems complicated to you, then you can read the manual on our website Linux installation on virtual machine VirtualBox.

Ubuntu

Ubuntu is rightfully considered the most popular distribution based on the Linux kernel in the CIS. It was developed on the basis of another distribution - Debian, but in appearance there is no similarity between them. By the way, users often have disputes about which distribution is better: Debian or Ubuntu, but everyone agrees on one thing - Ubuntu is great for beginners.

Developers systematically release updates that improve or correct its shortcomings. It is distributed free of charge online, including both security updates and enterprise versions.

The advantages include:

• simple and easy installer;
• a large number of thematic forums and articles on configuration;
• Unity user interface, which differs from the usual Windows, but is intuitive;
• a large amount of pre-installed applications (Thunderbird, Firefox, games, Flash plugin and many other software);
• has a large amount of software both in internal and external repositories.

Linux Mint

Although Linux Mint is a separate distribution, it is based on Ubuntu. This is the second most popular product and is also great for beginners. Has more pre-installed software than the previous OS. Linux Mint is almost identical to Ubuntu in terms of internal system aspects that are hidden from the user's eyes. The graphical interface is more similar to Windows, which undoubtedly tempts users to choose this operating system.

The advantages of Linux Mint are the following:

• It is possible to select the graphical shell of the system when loading;
• during installation, the user receives not only software with free source code, but also proprietary programs that can provide optimal performance video-audio files and Flash elements;
• developers improve the system by periodically releasing updates and fixing bugs.

CentOS

As the CentOS developers themselves say, their main goal is to make a free and, importantly, stable OS for various organizations and enterprises. Therefore, by installing this distribution, you will receive a system that is stable and protected in all respects. However, the user should prepare and study the documentation for CentOS, since it differs quite significantly from other distributions. From the main thing: the syntax of most commands is different, as are the commands themselves.

The advantages of CentOS are the following:

• has many functions that ensure system security;
• includes only stable versions of applications, which reduces the risk of critical errors and other types of failures;
• Enterprise-level security updates are released to the OS.

openSUSE

openSUSE is a good option for a netbook or low-power computer. This operating system has an official wiki website, a user portal, a service for developers, projects for designers, and IRC channels in several languages. Among other things, the openSUSE team sends emails to users when updates or other important events happen.

The advantages of this distribution are as follows:

• has large number Software delivered through . True, there is somewhat less of it than in Ubuntu;
• has a KDE graphical shell, which is in many ways similar to Windows;
• has flexible settings performed using the YaST program. With its help, you can change almost all parameters, from wallpaper to settings of internal system components.

Pinguy OS

Pinguy OS was developed with the goal of making a system that was simple and beautiful. It is intended for the average user who decides to switch from Windows, which is why you can find many familiar functions in it.

The operating system is based on the Ubuntu distribution. There are both 32-bit and 64-bit versions. Pinguy OS has a large set of programs with which you can perform almost any action on your PC. For example, turn the standard Gnome top bar into a dynamic one, like in Mac OS.

Zorin OS

Zorin OS is another system whose target audience is beginners who want to switch from Windows to Linux. This OS is also based on Ubuntu, but its interface has much in common with Windows.

However, the distinguishing feature of Zorin OS is the package of pre-installed applications. As a result, you will immediately be able to run most games and Windows programs thanks to the Wine program. You will also be pleased with the pre-installed Google Chrome, which is the default browser in this OS. And for lovers graphic editors There is GIMP (similar to Photoshop). Additional Applications the user can download it independently using Zorin Web Browser Manager - a kind of analogue of Play Market on Android.

Manjaro Linux

Manjaro Linux is based on ArchLinux. The system is very easy to install and allows the user to start working immediately after installing the system. Both 32-bit and 64-bit OS versions are supported. The repositories are constantly synchronized with ArchLinux, so users are among the first to receive new versions of the software. The distribution has everything right after installation necessary tools for interaction with multimedia content and third-party equipment. Manjaro Linux supports several kernels, including rc.

Solus

Solus is not the best best option for weak computers. At least because this distribution has only one version - 64-bit. However, in return, the user will receive a beautiful graphical shell, with flexible settings, many tools for work and reliability in use.

It is also worth noting that Solus uses an excellent eopkg manager for working with packages, which offers standard tools for installing/uninstalling packages and searching for them.

Elementary OS

The Elementary OS distribution is based on Ubuntu and is a great starting point for beginners. An interesting design that is very similar to OS X, a large amount of software - this and much more will be acquired by the user who installs this distribution. A distinctive feature of this OS is that most of the applications that come with it are developed specifically for this project. Because of this, they are ideally comparable to general structure systems, which is why the OS runs much faster than Ubuntu. In addition, thanks to this, all the elements are perfectly combined in appearance.

Conclusion

It is difficult to objectively say which of the presented distributions is better and which is somewhat worse, just as it is impossible to force someone to install Ubuntu or Mint on their computer. Everything is individual, so the decision about which distribution to start using is up to you.

Many of those who switched to Linux now don't want to go back to the operating system. Windows system. This is due to the accessibility of this operating system even for novice users. If you want to install Linux, then you need to download one of the many distributions that are written based on the Linux kernel. We will give examples of the best of them and tell you about the features of the system.

What is Linux and why are there so many operating systems based on it?

GNU/Linux was designed as a multi-user and multi-tasking kernel for different operating systems. For which programmers have created many graphical managers and software shells. The distribution (operating system) determines what you will use your computer for. Each Linux-based OS differs in its functional part. The only part of all distributions is the “Terminal”; this is their main part. With it you can:

• install and launch programs;
• add repositories for storing software;
• configure configuration files and the distribution itself.

Now this system is especially popular among programmers; it is also very often used for servers.

It began to spread widely in home computers relatively recently, winning the love of users due to its extensive customization options: some versions of distributions can be run directly from a flash drive, others are suitable for weak computers. Distributions differ in their functionality, size and appearance.

Not all Linux-based operating systems can be downloaded. For example, Google Chrome OS (yes, there is such an operating system, not just a browser) comes pre-installed on some laptop models from Samsung, HP, etc. IN open access There are no official distributions for this operating system. But there are many forks and copies. We will not provide links to such sites in this review. For each distribution in the review, we provide a download link to the official website or official community.

Why are users abandoning Windows in favor of Linux?

Most often, the advantages of Linux-based operating systems are:

1. Absence. This is not to say that this system is generally impossible to hack, but hackers rarely show interest in Linux. There are several routines that help penetrate servers, but they practically do not run on home PCs. The fact that the system is safe is also indicated by the fact that not a single anti-virus utility has databases specifically for Linux. Basically, the programs are configured to search for malicious code that was transferred from flash drives or disks.
2. Almost all distributions are distributed free of charge, allowing people with multiple devices at home to avoid spending a ton of money on licenses. At the same time, you can regularly reinstall distributions, test them and change them. An additional advantage is that Linux software is also free. And a nice bonus is the absence of advertising inserts and third party programs, which are loaded into the PC memory along with the main utility.
3. The system is diverse and limitless possibilities on setup appearance . In addition to many distributions, you can install different desktop environments on your PC. This will help you change them according to need or mood.
4. The system has a built-in repository. His idea formed the basis of the app store Google Play. From it you can install the most different programs without resorting to the help of websites and third-party programs. The only inconvenience that is noticeable immediately after switching from Windows is the lack of familiar utility names.
5. The system has a convenient external interface and division of programs in the menu. Each utility occupies its own section in the menu, which makes it easier to find. Small pleasant moments like these help make work much more convenient.
6. Almost all necessary drivers are built into the Linux kernel for peripheral equipment. You can install any device and it will start working immediately. You don’t have to look for drivers, like for Windows, download them on another computer, so that later the equipment starts working without failures. There will be no inconveniences even when connecting a new network card.
7. By default, the system automatically encrypts disks, which allows you to protect files if your computer falls into the wrong hands. On Windows, this option is only available using third-party programs.

These positive aspects are enough to make you want to try an operating system based on the Linux kernel. But before choosing a distribution, you should familiarize yourself with the features of each shell and carefully study the shortcomings of the OS.

Disadvantages of Linux

To begin with, we will present situations that the programmers who created Linux distributions could not cope with. Such troubles rarely occur, but for novice users they can be fatal.

1. Poor compatibility with a number of modern devices. Most printers, scanners, routers and other devices are designed for Windows. Therefore, they may not always work correctly. Users can independently change the distribution so that connected devices work correctly. If you do not know how to independently adjust OS settings in the same terminal, then you should simply download and upload the modern version of the distribution.
2. Incorrect operation of the graphics subsystem. After resuming from sleep mode, when using discrete video cards, a freeze may occur. The only way to get rid of this problem is to reboot. Problems with video cards most often appear after updating the kernel or components responsible for graphics output.
3. Despite the fact that many are built into the core, they can stop installing automatically or deleted after a system update. This problem can be solved by rolling back to a previous version of the distribution or installing a new shell.
4. Incorrect operation of the cooling system in laptops. Due to improper management, coolers begin to make noise or do their job poorly.
5. Steam for Linux is developing very slowly, users cannot download or purchase any music and applications. If you choose paid program, then problems may arise when entering card data (not all plastic is accepted by the store). Although it is worth noting that the store Windows applications is no better developed, problems may arise when using it. But in the latter case there are many alternative sources for programs.

To avoid these problems, you should install only modern versions of operating systems. For most ordinary users, such troubles may be a reason to abandon the Linux OS.

Although it is worth noting that in recent years the shell interface has become more and more friendly. Developers are trying to solve the problems listed above, but so far they have not been able to completely get rid of them.

Review of the best Linux distributions with download links from official sites

Before installing Linux, it is worth familiarizing yourself with the features of its distributions. Each of them has its own pros and cons.

Elementary OS

If the design of the operating system is important to you, then you should opt for Elementary. Visually, the desktop resembles Mac OS, which makes it look expensive and beautiful. Among other distributions, this option stands out only in design and this is its drawback. Although this is precisely why users fell in love with Elementary.

It's easy and convenient system, suitable even for low-power machines. By default, it does not have the largest, but well-thought-out set of programs:

• Midori browser;
• file manager Pantheon Files;
• media player Totem;
• Geary email client;
• Shotwell photo manager.

This system performs everyday user tasks 100%. In addition, the support of fans of this OS led to the fact that they began to develop their own inside the shell software products. But at the same time, users do not yet have opportunities for customization and fine tuning shells.

Linux Mint

This option is convenient for onboarding users who for a long time worked with Windows. They are similar in the taskbar area, navigation system and desktop. Several working environments have been released for this system, from which you can choose the most convenient one. Mint is a different variant of Ubuntu. It has several advantages over other distributions:

• this assembly is quite common and has good support from users and developers;
• free distribution;
• Multiple working environments can be easily switched using a lightweight and user-friendly graphical interface;
• there are several built-in functions: plugins for quickly loading applications, launching them and updating them;
• frequently updated and modified.

There are two drawbacks: it is being developed by a team of enthusiasts and there are no public security bulletins for this system. These shortcomings do not affect the operation of the operating system. The absence of a company responsible for development can even be called an advantage - the creators of the system are closer to ordinary users.

Manjaro Linux

Several operating systems have been released based on Arch Linux. One of them was Manjaro. It has a number of features:

• simple installation process;
• automatic hardware detection;
• extensive desktop customization;
• stability of work;
• the ability to install multiple cores;
• special scenarios.

There are two versions offered for the desktop, one of them is used for advanced users. It is a fast and popular system with a large number of users, allowing for good community support. Inexperienced users of this system will find the tool for downloading programs – AUR – convenient. It allows you to do without repositories.

Ubuntu

This distribution is the most widespread and popular. Almost all Linux users have tried it at least once. The system is ideal for beginners who just want to get acquainted with the capabilities of distribution kits. There is nothing superfluous in the interface, including the developers getting rid of the terminal. For inexperienced users, using the command line to work with the system may be a disadvantage.

Ubuntu benefits:

• free distribution, programs and components can also be freely downloaded;
• the installation process does not take more than 10 minutes;
• the interface is easy to understand and understandable;
• nothing happens in the system without the user’s permission, so the risk of virus infection is minimal;
• can be used on one computer with Windows, the system has multi-boot capability built into it;
• the assembly includes a sufficient set of programs;
• communities and forums allow you to solve any problem.

The main disadvantage of this version is instability. Many people abandon the distribution due to failures that accompany almost every system update. New versions often produce errors that other users have not encountered before. After this version of Linux it will be difficult to use other distributions.

openSUSE

This version is most often used for commercial purposes. The developers have disclosed the source code of their system so that programmers from all over the world can improve it. This allowed new versions to be released frequently. First of all, the openSUSE product is interesting for beginners who have not used Linux before.

You can install the system even on weak computers. Her minimum requirements are: 3 GB free space on the hard drive, Pentium 4 1.6 GHz processor and only 1 GB of RAM. Management of this system is concentrated at the YaST center. For inexperienced users You should not install the Tumbleweed version, as problems often arise with it. It is best to work on Leap, which is updated less frequently and is more stable.

Steam OS - Linux for games!

A big problem for Linux users is that there are few games released for this operating system. For this reason, Debian-based Steam OS was released for gamers. It is used by those who want to reduce resource consumption while gaming. This version of the shell took advantage of the capabilities and functions of the Steam platform. You can play using the keyboard or joystick.

The disadvantage of this version is that the computer cannot be used to perform different tasks. After installing this operating system, it turns into a gaming machine. You can install software to perform other tasks, but it will not work correctly. Another drawback is the low prevalence of the system and poor support. In addition, your processor must support 64-bit architecture.

Tails – for complete anonymity on the Internet

Another Debian-based system has been released - Tails. It is intended for those for whom it is important to maintain anonymity on the Internet. Among the advantages of this system: it does not require powerful equipment, it is stable. Tails is ideal for surfing the Internet and solving everyday problems.

CentOS 7

If you want to find a free alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux, then you should download CentOS 7 to your PC. Most often, the choice of this system falls when the user has already worked with Red Hat, but was forced to abandon it due to a failure. In this case, you will be able to use the same programs in both versions. You don't have to modify the system or look for replacements for your favorite utilities.

Debian

This version is loved due to its stability and security. The development team is impressive, but updates to the system are rarely released. This system is convenient for remote administration, so it is often installed on servers. For beginners, the assembly is complicated, there are too many settings and programs. At the same time, the distribution has several positive qualities:

• stability;
• Multiple architectures supported;
• safety during use;
• more than thousands of software packages;
• easy to update;
• works quickly and efficiently even on outdated computers.

Unlike other versions of distributions, Debian will have to be configured immediately after installation. Only an experienced user can understand the number of options. The popularity of the distribution is maintained only due to its stability, but from the point of view of the interface and ease of use, it is outdated. Operating system updates are released rarely, but downloading and installing them is extremely simple.

Fedora

If you want to be one of the first to test new products from the world of Linux, then you should install the Fedora distribution. It is also associated with Red Hat, which uses this version as a free testing ground for new products. Linux founder Torvalds Linus himself uses this distribution as his main one, and his choice should not be trusted.

The only drawback of this system is that there are only a small number of errors after the update. The distribution is good for home use. It does not fail after the introduction of new products. It keeps up with the times and is suitable for computers with different power levels.

You should choose a distribution based on your wishes. Each version of Linux is good in its own way, but it is not without its drawbacks. You can write about your experience using distributions of this operating system in the comments. If you liked the article, share it with your friends.