Presentation "geographic information systems". Geographic information system (GIS) Modern methods of using maps in GIS presentation

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Geographic information systems are tools for processing spatial information, usually explicitly associated with some part of the earth's surface and used to manage it.

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GIS have the following subsystems: Data collection subsystem, which collects and pre-processes data from various sources. This x data (for example, from topographic map contours to a GIS elevation model). 2. Data storage and retrieval subsystem, which organizes spatial data for the purpose of sampling, updating and editing. 3. Data manipulation and analysis subsystem, which performs various tasks based on this data, groups and separates it, sets parameters and constraints, and performs modeling functions. 4. An output subsystem that displays the entire database or part of it in tabular, diagrammatic, or cartographic form. This definition makes it easy to compare modern computer GIS with traditional paper maps, especially when considering the steps in the mapping process

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GIS structure 1 Data (spatial data): positional (geographic): location of an object on the earth's surface. non-positional (attributive): descriptive. 2 Hardware(Computers, networks, storage devices, scanners, digitizers, etc.). 3 Software (software). 4 Technologies (methods, procedures, etc.).

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Problems that GIS solves. GIS general purpose, among others, typically performs five procedures (tasks) with data: input, manipulation, management, query and analysis, and visualization.

Geographic Information Systems What is GIS?

• Geographic information systems (GIS) are systems for collecting, storing, processing, accessing, analyzing, interpreting and graphically visualizing spatial data. GIS is the basis of geo information technology(GIS technologies), i.e. information technologies for processing and presenting spatially distributed information.

Components of GIS

• A working GIS has five key components: hardware, software, data, people, and methods. Hardware. This is the computer running the GIS. Today, GIS operate on various types of computer platforms, from centralized servers to individual or networked desktop computers.
• GIS software contains the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and visualize geographic (spatial) information. The key components of software products are: tools for entering and manipulating geographic information; database management system (DBMS or DBMS); tools to support spatial queries, analysis and visualization (display); graphical user interface (GUI or GUI) for easy access to tools.
• Data. This is probably the most important component of a GIS. Spatial location data (geographic data) and associated tabular data may be collected and produced by the user themselves, or purchased from suppliers on a commercial or other basis. In managing spatial data, a GIS integrates spatial data with other data types and sources, and can also use the DBMSs used by many organizations to organize and maintain the data they have.
• Performers. Widespread use of GIS technology is impossible without people who work with software products and develop plans for using them to solve real-world problems. GIS users can be both technical specialists who develop and maintain the system, and ordinary employees (end users) to whom GIS helps solve current everyday affairs and problems.
• Methods. The success and efficiency (including economic) of using GIS largely depends on a properly drawn up plan and work rules, which are drawn up in accordance with the specific tasks and work of each organization.

How does GIS work?

• A GIS stores information about the real world as a set of thematic layers that are aggregated based on geographic location. This simple but highly flexible approach has proven its value in solving a variety of real-world problems: tracking the movement of vehicles and materials, detailed mapping of real-life situations and planned activities, and modeling global atmospheric circulation.
• All geographic information contains information about spatial location, whether it is a reference to geographic or other coordinates, or references to an address, postal code, electoral or census district, land or forest identifier, road name, etc. When using such links for automatic detection location or locations of an object(s) a procedure called geocoding is used. With its help, you can quickly determine and see on the map where the object or phenomenon you are interested in is located, such as the house where your friend lives or the organization you need is located, where an earthquake or flood occurred, which route is easier and faster to get to the point you need or at home.

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Item: computer science and ICT.

Program section: Construction and research of information models.

Lesson type: learning new material, lesson-research.

Lesson type: combined.

Equipment: computer class, projector, digital board, lesson notes, description practical work, aerial and space photographs of the city of Smolensk, the school district, school, satellite image of the Smolensk region.

Software: operating room Windows system,Opera, Microsoft program Power Point, Delphi, program “Streets of the City of Smolensk”, presentation for the lesson Geographic information systems.pps prepared by the teacher.

Lesson objectives:

• Educational – to introduce students to geoinformation systems, to search techniques and means of navigation of geographic information systems, to the importance of space images in the creation of GIS, to develop students’ skills in working with space images.
• Developmental – develop students’ cognitive interest, the ability to apply acquired knowledge in practice, and instill research skills.
• Educational – level up information culture and social adaptation of students, to cultivate interest and love for their small Motherland - the Smolensk region.

Lesson plan:

Part I(1 hour)

1. Organizational moment.
2. Preparatory independent work .
3. Updating support knowledge.
4. Explanation of new material and initial consolidation of knowledge .
5. Doing practical work.

Part II(2 hours)

1. Practical work:

   – creation of GIS;
   – filling out GIS.

2. Homework assignment.

PROGRESS OF THE 1ST LESSON

1. Organizational moment

Teacher. The topic of the lesson is “Geographic information systems”. In the first lesson you will become familiar with geographic information systems, search techniques and navigation tools in geographic information systems, and in the next lesson you will create a simple GIS yourself.

Slide 1.

2. Preparatory independent work

– First, each of you works independently for 5 minutes.

1 student is preparing to answer the question “Information Models”. The remaining students are divided into groups and, using search engines, prepare to answer the questions:

Group 1 – “What are geographic information systems”;
Group 2 – “Types of geographic information systems”;
Group 3 – “GIS structure”;
Group 4 – “Application of GIS”.

3. Updating basic knowledge

Slide 2. After filling out the diagram, talk about information models.

The student answers the question on the slide.

Teacher. Give examples of information models for the Smolensk region.

Students(possible answers). Slide 3 .

• Graphic:
  • physical map, map of the administrative division of the Smolensk region, etc.;
  • graphs of average monthly temperatures, employment of the population, etc.;
  • diagram of gas pipelines, electrical networks, etc.;
  • tree of administrative division of the region.
• Tabular:
  • alumni databases;
  • Unified State Exam results, etc.
• Mathematical:
  • payroll calculation;
  • payment calculation utilities etc.
• Verbal

After the students’ answers, the teacher reads: Smolensk region ( Smolensk region)

• subject Russian Federation, is part of the Central Federal District.
• It borders with the Moscow, Kaluga, Bryansk, Pskov and Tver regions of Russia, as well as with the Mogilev and Vitebsk regions of Belarus.
• Square– 49,778 km?
• Population– 0.966 million people (as of 2010).
• Regional center– the city of Smolensk, the distance to Moscow is 365 km by road.
• Educated– September 27, 1937 in the Western Region. Awarded the Order of Lenin (1958), and in 1985 awarded the title of Hero City.

4. Explanation of new material

Teacher. We have already talked about the fact that one of the types of graphic information models are geographic maps. It is impossible to imagine the present time without a computer, which gave new life to maps - maps have become digital. Geographic information modeling is based on the creation of multilayer electronic maps, in which the reference layer describes the geography of a certain territory, and each of the others is one of the aspects of the state of this territory. Various layers of objects can be displayed on a geographic map: cities, roads, airports, etc. Geographic information modeling is associated with

Geographic Information Systems or GIS.

Let's give the floor to the students of the group working on the question “What is GIS.”

Slide 4. What is GIS?

Teacher. It is quite difficult to give an unambiguous, brief definition of this phenomenon. The guys gave more than one definition.

Geographical information system(GIS) is an opportunity to take a new look at the world around us.

Geographic information system is a system designed for collecting, storing, analyzing spatial data and related information.
The term is also used in a narrower sense - GIS as a tool (software product) that allows users to search, analyze and edit digital maps, as well as additional information about objects, for example the height of the building, address, number of residents.

GIS (Geographical Information System) – This is a modern computer technology for mapping and analyzing objects in the real world, as well as events occurring on our planet, in our lives and activities.
This technology combines traditional database operations, such as query and statistical analysis, with the benefits of rich visualization and geographic (spatial) analysis that a map provides. GIS maps can be used to map not only geographic, but also statistical, demographic, technical and many other types of data and apply various analytical operations to them.

These capabilities distinguish GIS from other information systems and provide unique opportunities for its use in a wide range of tasks related to the analysis and forecast of phenomena and events in the surrounding world, with understanding and highlighting the main factors and causes, as well as their possible consequences, with planning strategic decisions and the ongoing consequences of the actions taken. ,
Let's give the floor to the students of the group working on the question “Types of geographic information systems.”

Students answer, the teacher adds.

Slide 5. Types of geographic information systems.

General geodata are used in the creation and operation of various types of geographic information systems:

• professional (for government and industry structures);
• open GIS, which are available at automated workstations of various specialists within the region and country;
• built-in GIS systems installed on cars, water transport, submarines, modern railway transport;
• GPS (Geo Position System) is a navigation system using satellite information.
• Internet GIS – in various network portals that provide electronic maps;
• CAD-GIS – in automatic design systems in the construction of buildings and communications, landscape design;
• desktop GIS – those systems that are installed on work and home computers.

Teacher. The next group will answer what parts a GIS consists of.

Students answer, the teacher adds.

Slide 6. GIS structure

Hardware. A computer for working with GIS can be from the simplest PC to the most powerful supercomputers. The computer is the backbone of the GIS equipment and receives data through a scanner or from databases. The monitor will allow you to observe and analyze GIS data. Printers and plotters are the most common means for displaying the final results of work done on a computer with GIS.

Program. GIS software performs the storage, analysis, and presentation of geographic information. The most widely used programs are GIS-MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCADMap and others.

Data. The choice of data depends on the task and the possibilities of obtaining information. Data can be used from various sources - organizational databases, the Internet, commercial databases, etc.

Users. People who use GIS can be roughly divided into the following groups: GIS operators, whose job is to place data on a map, GIS engineers/users, whose job is to analyze and further work with this data, and those who need to make decisions based on the results obtained. solution. In addition, GIS can be used by the general public through ready-made software applications or the Internet.

Method. There are many ways to create maps in GIS and methods for further working with them. The most productive GIS will be the one that operates according to a well-thought-out plan and operational approaches that meet the user's needs.

Teacher. The question arises, how does GIS work?

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Unlike a regular paper map, an electronic map created in a GIS contains hidden information that can be “activated” as needed. A GIS stores information about the real world as a set of thematic layers that are aggregated based on geographic location. Each layer consists of data on a specific topic. For example, information about spatial location, reference to geographic coordinates, or links to address and tabular data. GIS uses cartographic material referenced in a given coordinate system. When using such links to automatically determine the location of an object, a procedure called geocoding. With its help, you can quickly determine and see on the map where the object of interest is located and its characteristics. GIS allows you to quickly perform spatial analysis of data and, based on it, make effective management decisions.
For example, if you are studying a certain area, then one map layer may contain data about roads, a second about bodies of water, a third about hospitals, and so on. You can view each map layer individually, or you can combine several layers at once, or select individual information from different layers and create thematic maps based on the selection.
Graphic information in GIS is stored in vector format. In a vector model, information about points, lines and polylines (houses, roads, rivers, buildings, etc.) is encoded and stored as a set X,Y coordinates(Z, T), which allows you to manipulate the image. The original image is entered from the scanner into raster format and then exposed vectorization – establishing formulaic relationships between lines and points.

Teacher. In what areas do you think GIS is used?

Students (next group) name areas of application of GIS.

Slide 8. Application of GIS.

Teacher. GIS is now a multi-million dollar industry involving hundreds of thousands of people around the world. GIS is taught in schools, colleges and universities. This technology is used in almost all spheres of human activity - be it the analysis of such global problems as overpopulation, land pollution, reduction of forest land, natural disasters, or solving specific problems, such as finding the best route between points, selecting the optimal location for a new office, searching houses at his address, laying a pipeline in the area, various municipal tasks, etc. , .

Slide 9. Working with GIS.

Students work at computers. The presentation is open on all computers over the computer network.

Program “Streets of the City of Smolensk”

Teacher. What does this GIS allow you to do?

Students answer, the teacher adds.

The program contains information about the streets of the city of Smolensk: street map, history and description of the street, photographs; information about the city of Smolensk. The search is carried out along streets that have a name.

Practical work. Search for city streets and information about them.

1. Find Tvardovsky Street on the map.
2. What is the toponym and history of the street?
3. Find a photo of the street (http://www.smoladmin.ru/map)

Teacher. While performing practical work, answer the question: “What does this GIS allow you to do?”

Practical work. Working with the open geographic information system of the city of Smolensk.

1. After checking the appropriate boxes and updating the map, find all Education objects on the main map.
2. Select the Address Plan card. When searching by address, find the house where you live.
3. Select the “City Cadastre” map. Determine the cadastral value of the land at the location of your home.

Students answer the question posed by the teacher before performing practical work.

Teacher. Service Google Maps offers a map and satellite images of the entire world (and the Moon and Mars). The map integrates a business directory and a road map with a search for routes in the USA, Canada, Japan, Hong Kong, China, Great Britain, Ireland, regions of Europe, as well as Russian cities.

Practical work. Neighborhoods of New York.

1. Start with a general map of North America.
2. Change the scale so that the symbols of American states appear on the map.
3. Enlarge the map further. To avoid getting lost on the map, it is recommended to zoom in by double-clicking on the desired geographical feature.
4. Consider a satellite photo of the same area.

Practical work. Sights of the Smolensk region.

1. In the “Search on the map” line, enter the names of the Khmelita estate.
2. Enlarge the map.
3. Consider satellite images of the same area.
4. Look at the photos for this area.

This is a state historical, cultural and natural museum-reserve. On its territory there are unique memorial, architectural, historical and natural monuments of federal significance associated with the names of A.S. Griboyedova, A.S. Khomyakova, P.S. Nakhimova, S.S. Uvarova, M.A. Bulgakov.

Slide 10. Space photography.

Teacher. As we were able to see during practical work, the electronic map created in GIS is supported by the Internet and even satellite images and information from satellites.

Space photography– photography of the earth’s surface from spacecraft using special equipment (photography, scanner photography, thermal photography, etc.).
Previously, cartographers spent centuries studying the earth to map various geographical features. Now this can be done in a few Earth orbits spacecraft. In just 10 minutes, the spacecraft can photograph up to 1 million square meters. km of the earth's surface, while from an airplane such an area is removed in 4 years, and geologists and topographers would need about 80 years for this. With the help of space photography, it was possible to erase many “blank spots” in hard-to-reach areas of the earth.

Historical background

I. The first photographs from space were taken

• from rockets in 1946,
• With artificial satellites Earth - in 1960,
• from manned spacecraft - in 1961 (Yu. A. Gagarin).

The first photograph from space was taken just over a year after the end of World War II. On October 24, 1946, a V-2 rocket launched from the White Sands launch site in New Mexico rose to an altitude of 104.6 km. The camera installed on board took a photo every one and a half seconds of flight. After several minutes in outer space, the rocket returned to earth. The landing was not planned to be soft, and the rocket shattered, and along with it the camera. The steel cassette with the film remained intact, and the scientists got their hands on unique photographic material. Until 1946, the highest-altitude photographs of the Earth were those taken from the Explorer II balloon (22 km) in 1935.

II. In 1987, while in space on the Mir station, cosmonauts Yuri Romanenko, Alexander Laveikin and Alexander Alexandrov filmed a large part of Antarctica. All this helped in creating detailed map of this continent on a scale of 1:200000 (2 km in cm). Such maps, and even on such a scale, simply cannot be made using other methods.

5. Doing practical work

Practical work. The area where I study.

1. Open the resource http://kosmosnimki.ru
2. Enter Smolensk in the search bar.
3. Changing the scale, find MBOU secondary school No. 29.
4. Find the geographic coordinates of the school.
5. Find the street boundaries of the school area and, using markers, label them.
6. Find a children's clinic, library, sports school in the school area, kindergarten and sign them.

(In paragraphs 3-5, students take turns working with the digital board, marking the objects found.)

Teacher. In what areas are satellite images used?

Students (possible answers): in environmental monitoring, forestry, agriculture, construction, cartography, cadastral activities, tourism activities, insurance .

Slide 16. Use of space photography and GIS technologies.

Teacher. How do you think satellite images are used in environmental monitoring, forestry, agriculture, construction, cartography, cadastral activities, tourism, insurance? .

Slides 17-24.

PROGRESS OF LESSON II

Computer workshop “Creation of a geographic information system for the Smolensk region”

1. Creation of a program for working with satellite images of the Smolensk region. Computer workshop on the proposed algorithm and code.

2. Entering the names of geographical objects on a satellite image of the Smolensk region.
Using maps of the Smolensk region, Internet resources http://kosmosnimki.ru and http://maps.google.com are applied to the satellite image of the city, river, lake of the Smolensk region.

• Geoinformatics– science, technology and production activities on the scientific substantiation, design, creation, operation and use of geographic information systems, on the development of geographic information technologies, on GIS applications for practical and scientific purposes.

Geographic information system (GIS) -

is an information system that provides collection, storage, processing, access, display and analysis of spatial (spatially coordinated) data.

Data (spatial data):

• positional (geographic): the location of an object on the earth’s surface, its coordinates in the selected coordinate system;
• non-positional (attributed, or metadata) - descriptive text, electronic documents, graphic type data, including photographs of objects, three-dimensional images of objects, video materials, etc.

• entering data into the machine environment (data input) by importing it from existing digital data sets or by digitizing sources;
• data transformation, including converting data from one format to another, transforming map projections, changing coordinate systems;
• storage, manipulation and management of data in internal and external databases data;
• cartometric operations (see cartometry), including calculation of distances between objects in a map projection or on an ellipsoid, lengths of curved lines, perimeters and areas of polygonal objects;

• geodetic measurement operations (COGO);
• overlay operations (overlay);
• “map algebra” operations for logical-arithmetic processing of the raster layer as a whole;
• spatial analysis - a group of functions that provide analysis of the placement of connections and other spatial relationships of objects, including analysis of visibility/invisibility zones, neighborhood analysis (see proximity analysis), network analysis, creation and processing digital models relief, analysis of objects within buffer zones, etc.;

• spatial modeling or geo-modeling, including operations similar to those used in mathematical cartographic modeling and cartographic research method;
• visualization of source, derivative or final data and processing results, including cartographic visualization, design and creation (generation) of cartographic and other spatial images, including three-dimensional;
• data output - graphic, tabular and text documentation, including its replication, documentation, or report generation;
• decision making service

• digital image processing (remote sensing data);
• expert system tools;
• means of customization to user requirements (customization);
• extension tools functionality GIS:

• built-in macro languages ​​(macros); developer's toolkit.
• built-in macro languages ​​(macros);
• developer's toolkit.

• Each spatial object corresponds to a record in the database with a set of attribute information
• GIS stores information as a set of thematic layers that are combined based on geographic location

Examples of layers

• Settlements
• Highways
• Railways
• Hydraulic structures (locks, canals, pumping stations, dams)
• Bridges
• Gas pipelines
• Protected areas (local, national and international significance)
• Agricultural land (arable lands, orchards, vineyards, pastures, rice paddies)
• Lands for water, forest, environmental and agricultural purposes
• Vegetation cover (floods, forests)
• Administrative division, state border
• Watercourses (rivers, channels, small rivers)
• Reservoirs (lakes, fish ponds, etc.)
• Relief

Vector and raster data models

• In a vector model, information about points, lines and polygons is encoded and stored as a set of X,Y coordinates (in modern GIS, a third spatial and a fourth, for example, a temporal coordinate are often added). The vector model is especially convenient for describing discrete objects and is less suitable for describing continuously changing properties (for example, population density).

Classes of problems to be solved

• Information and reference tasks
• Network tasks

(Analysis of geographic networks: streets, rivers, roads, pipelines, power or communication lines, etc.)

• Spatial analysis and modeling

Examples of queries that a GIS can answer

• Getting location information
• Determining location based on information
• Temporal analysis of changes in objects on the territory
• Show spatial relationships and relationships between objects in a given area
• What if...? (“what if” analysis)

Areas of application of GIS

• Cadastre
• Operational services (Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Emergency Situations..)
• Oil and gas
• Transport
• Ecology
• Forestry
• Water resources
• Subsoil use
• Agriculture
• Geodesy, cartography, geography
• Telecommunications
• Engineering communications
• Business
• Trade and services

• http :// www . geoportal . fr /
• http :// gki . com . ua