What are the different domains? Types of domains. Domain levels

04Sep

What is a Domain (Domain name)

Site domain or Website domain name– this is the address of a web resource on the Internet. For example, the domain name of the “What Is It” website looks like this: “www.site”.

In simple words, domain– this is the site name registered on the network, which by typing in the search or input line, you can go to the required resource. Simple and everyday domain names are in high demand as they are easy to remember, which in turn helps to retain the site's audience.

Why do you need a domain name and why choosing a domain is a very important part when creating a website.

First of all, it is worth noting that a domain name is a kind of visually simplified website address. The fact is that every site on the Internet has its own, which looks like this: 195.191.24.196. I think you will agree that remembering such addresses and entering them into the address bar in order to get to the required resource is not the most convenient activity. This is precisely why domain names exist, which visually replace the digital values ​​of addresses. In simple words, the moment you enter “ ” into the address bar, the computer recognizes the resource location address in this name as “195.191.24.196” and will direct you there.

Since we have figured out what domain names are for, let's talk about why choosing a domain name is such an important step when creating a website. It’s easy to guess that names that are simple in sound and that correspond to the theme of the site will always be of higher priority. The fact is that simple and concise domains are quickly remembered by users, which in turn allows them to quickly find a resource on the Internet. Moreover, if the domain name characterizes the theme of the site, then this in some way affects the promotion of the site in search results. For example, if the domain name of the site looks like this “STROYKA.XX”, then the user will immediately understand that this site is dedicated specifically to construction projects. Besides, search robots, also know how to understand the meaning of words. In this case, when indexing the site, they will place it in the construction-related category.

Domain - zones and levels.

Since we have briefly dealt with the names, the next step should be noted that domain names include belonging to a certain zone and the level of nesting. For example, the domain name “site” is a generic second-level domain, since it consists only of the name “chto-takoe” and “.net”.

What is the domain level?

For ease of understanding, we can give examples of nesting levels:

• .net – top level(this is purely an indicator of the site’s zone of ownership);
• website – second level(one name + zone);
• xxxx.site – third level(name + point + name + zone);
• nnnn.xxxx.site – fourth level(name + dot + name + dot + name + zone).

If everything is clear with the level of nesting, then let’s move directly to the zones. Each domain name belongs to a specific zone. In the case of the “What is It” site, this is the general international zone “.NET”.

There are a huge number of domain zones, and they are divided depending on the region and subject matter. As for regional zones, each country has its own, so in Russia it is “.RU”, in Ukraine it is “.UA”, and in the USA it is “.US”. Examples of thematic zones include the following: “.AUDIO”, “.MOBI”, “.DATE” and the like. There are also international zones, among which the most popular are: “.COM”, “.NET”, “.INFO”, “.BIZ”.

Thus, when a person comes up with a name, he registers it in a certain domain zone that most matches his direction. Thus, a business is most often registered in the “.COM”, “.BIZ” or national “.RU”, “.UA” zones. For information resources, “.INFO” or “.NET” are more suitable. Although there are no clear rules in this regard, except in areas with certain registration requirements.

How do people make money selling domains?

Some people make a living buying and selling domain names. They usually look for potentially popular but unclaimed names, then register them and try to sell them. For example, certain names tend to become popular after some important event. It could be politics, war or another. So the person who owns this domain name can sell it at a price that is much higher than the original purchase.

Categories: , // from

What is a domain? A domain or domain name is a unique set of letters, numbers and symbols that can be used to distinguish one website from another. When composing a domain name, letters of the Latin alphabet, Cyrillic alphabet (when registering in the .RF zone), numbers from 1 to 9, as well as hyphens can be used. Thus, a domain is essentially the name or name of a website. The domain length can be from 2 to 63 characters; a hyphen is not allowed at the beginning or end of the domain.

Types of domains or domain names

A domain name is made up of several parts, also called domain levels. Each domain level has a specific function. Let's look at the types of domains:

1. First level domain name— is responsible for the territorial affiliation of the domain, whether the domain belongs to a specific country, or the type of organization. According to their belonging to territorial zones (regions), domains can be the following:

• .ru - Russia
• .ua - Ukraine
• .ee – Estonia
• .gb - UK
• .us - USA
• .ca - Canada
• .au - Australia
• .it - ​​Italy
• .fr - France
• .es - Spain
• .cn - China
• ... etc.

The following domain names are distinguished by type of organization:

• .com - commercial sites engaged in some kind of business
• .net - network, telecommunications
• .edu - educational
• .gov - government
• .info - information sites, reference information
• .org - for non-profit organizations
• ... etc.

All these types were originally invented so that the user could distinguish which area of ​​activity this or that site belongs to. However, over time, all these domains have become mixed up, and nowadays few people look at the type of organization when registering domain names.

2. Second level domain name- this is a unique site identifier (site name). All serious web projects have a second-level domain name.

3. Third level domain name— this type of domain is usually used to create mini-sites, or separate sections based on the main site, for example, a forum. As a rule, a third-level domain belongs to the owner of a second-level domain. You can create an unlimited number of such domains. Examples of third-level domains include: test.site.ru, forum.site.com. Most free domains are third level domains.

Thus, we can conclude that a solid project will require a second level domain. You can see this in the lesson by following the link. As for free third-level domains, they can be used exclusively for educational purposes, as training. Third-level domains are valued much less by search engines, and promoting sites with such names will be ineffective.

And the network resources located on them (websites, email servers, other services) in a form convenient for humans.

Encyclopedic YouTube

• 1 / 5

  ✪ What are domains? How the Internet works

Structure of a fully qualified domain name

In DNS and, most importantly, in zone files, FQDNs end with a period (for example, “example.com.”), that is, they include the root domain name “. ", which is unnamed.

The difference between an FQDN and a domain name appears when naming second-, third-, and so on-level domains. To obtain an FQDN, you must specify higher-level domains in the name. For example, "sample" is a domain name, but its fully qualified domain name (FQDN) looks like a fifth-level domain name - "sample.gtw-02.office4.example.com." ", Where:

• “sample” 5th level;
• "gtw-02" 4th level;
• "office4" 3rd level;
• "example" 2nd level;
• "com" 1st (top) level;
• ". » 0th (root) level.

This system consists of hierarchical structure DNS servers, each of which is the holder of one or more domain zones and responds to requests regarding these zones, as well as DNS resolvers, which respond to requests regarding any zones. The functions of a zone holder and a resolver are often combined in one program; for example, this is the popular BIND DNS server ( Berkeley Internet Name Domain) .

To ensure uniqueness and protect the rights of owners, domain names of the 1st and 2nd (in some cases, 3rd) levels can be used only after their registration, which is carried out by authorized registrars. Information about the owner (administrator) of a particular registered domain is publicly available. They can be found using the whois service. However, some registrars provide the ability to hide this information.

Domain business

With the development of the Internet, “beautiful” website addresses, in other words domains, have become especially valuable. Total number There are more than 250 million registered domains, and finding a free, beautiful and short domain name has become very difficult. A market for resale of domain names has formed. This includes companies that register domains, buy and sell domains on the secondary market, advertise on registered domains, hosting services, legal and legal organizations, etc. About 30% of domains do not contain any information and exist only to sell advertising links .

It is assumed that thousands of companies would like to have their official website on the business.com domain. That's why this domain was sold for US$360 million. Today, any domains in the gTLD and in some ccTLD zones (.ru including), consonant with common English nouns in the singular, and domains consisting of no more than three letters or numbers have commercial value. In the .com zone, after three-letter domains have ended in free registration [ ], any four-letter letters are also valuable.

Since January 12, 2012, the international organization ICANN has been accepting applications under the New gTLD program for the creation of first-level registered domains of the type .BRAND, .COMPANY, .CITY. According to experts, a personalized domain will help bring a business or brand to new level.

Abandoned domains (drop domains)

Drop domains are most often referred to as domain addresses whose registration period has expired and is now free. The reasons for this may be either the domain owner’s reluctance to support his project or simple forgetfulness. The latter is actively used for personal gain by cybersquatters who register dropped domains in their name and then offer to buy them back at a speculative price.

Legal aspect

In the early days, the domain name system was just a more convenient, easier to remember form of addressing. With the development of the WWW system and significant investments in online business, domain names have acquired significant value. Like any property, they began to need legal regulation.

Nowadays, the term “domain name” is well known and understood. In accordance with clause 5, clause 2, art. 1484 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, a domain name is a method of addressing on the Internet. According to paragraph 15 of Art. 2 Federal Law No. 149-FZ “On information, information technology and on the protection of information" (as amended on July 28, 2012) domain name is a symbol designation intended for addressing sites on the Internet in order to provide access to information posted on the Internet. A domain name can be the object of transactions and be part of the intangible assets of an enterprise.

Domain registration is carried out after the conclusion of the relevant agreement. Most often, this is done electronically. It must indicate the server where the domain will be located, software. The settlement of controversial issues relating to the responsibility of each party is carried out within the framework of Russian legislation.

There have been many lawsuits in many countries where the domain name was the subject of a dispute. For some domain zones, domain disputes can be resolved not only in court, but also through the UDRP procedure, which is reminiscent of an arbitration court.

A number of experts debate whether a domain name is a new means of individualization. In particular, in Russia a domain name is not legally classified as a means of individualization. In accordance with paragraphs. 5 p. 2 art. 1484 Civil Code of the Russian Federation use trademark in a domain name is considered to be within the scope of the exclusive right to a trademark, and according to paragraph 4, paragraph 2 of Art. 1519 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the placement of the appellation of origin of goods on the Internet, including in a domain name and other addressing methods, is included in the scope of regulation of the exclusive right to the appellation of origin of goods. However, a number of Russian legal scholars, before the adoption of the fourth part of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, considered a domain name as an independent means of individualization. M.S. Azarov believes that even now “a domain name is a means of individualization, not provided for by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, but legally permissible.” There are also opposing points of view about the impossibility of classifying domain names as means of individualization, since domain names generally do not have distinctiveness.

The European Court of Human Rights in its decision indicated that the owner of a domain name has the right to independently determine how to use it (place an advertisement, a website about services and/or goods, make access paid or free, can rent out a domain name, can sell it etc.). Therefore, the exclusive right to use a domain name has economic value, and accordingly, is a property right in the sense of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.

Greetings, dear readers! In this article I will try in simple words tell you what a domain is and why it is needed. And also, for those who are planning to launch their own website on the Internet, I will give a few additional instructions that you must know.

Domain(more precisely called “ fully qualified domain name") is the address of the Internet space (site) on which it is located and at which global network You can find it on the internet.

If you now go to blog home page and look at the browser line, you will see the following.

This address is called the full domain name of the site. This address may look different in the browser you are using.

• . Many modern browsers it is hidden.

Prefixes http, https And www do not relate to domains in any way.

A domain name can be compared to the address of any house in the world. Knowing the address, you can find the right house.

In principle, the average user doesn’t need to know more. I hope I answered your question.

Now let's take it to a more advanced technical level.

The definition is not for dummies

I'll start with an analogy. Each place on our globe has its own coordinates at which it is located. For example, a couple of days ago we passed through Volgograd and visited the famous place Mamayev Kurgan with the highest monument in Russia and Europe “The Motherland Calls!”, which is located at coordinates 48°44′32″N, 44°32′14″E48 .742286, 44.537112.

Naturally, we did not look for this place by its coordinates, but by its name.

The same thing happens on the global Internet, each place (space) where website data is stored has its own IP address (unique network address). Thus, you can get to the site not only by domain, but also by its IP address.

For example, if you enter the following IP address 93.158.134.3 in the address bar of your browser, it will open home page Yandex. But sometimes several sites can be stored at one such address, and so that the user can get to the resource he needs, unique domain names are used in a convenient human form.

It's like apartments in a building at the same address.

Domain name structure

All domain names consist of areas - domains (from English domain is translated as region, territory).

Each name includes a top (first) level domain; it is customary to define a zone by it. In my case it is “ru”. Next comes my unique second-level domain “iklife”..site.

It turns out that no one except me can locate their website in this domain zone; it belongs only to me.

Again, by analogy, they have a similar structure: country, region, city, street, etc.

One of the first questions a novice website creator has is what a domain is, why it is needed, where to get it and how to choose it. It is present on absolutely any resource, you just have to look up at the address bar of your browser. A domain name is the name of a website.

Why is it needed?

As a rule, any website is located on the servers of various hosting companies. These servers, like any computer, have their own unique IP address, which consists of numbers in a certain sequence. To search for a site you need to know this combination of numbers.

The problem is that there can be a thousand websites on one IP address (server), and it is very difficult to find the right one. For easy navigation on the World Wide Web and came up with the idea of ​​giving each resource a unique name. Each site is assigned a unique domain name. This greatly simplifies the search for the required resource.

Rules for creating a domain name

This is a combination of characters. There are certain rules for creating it:

• The length must be between two and sixty-three characters.
• The site's domain name can contain numbers from 0 to 9.
• It may contain a hyphen, but not at the beginning or end.
• It must not contain spaces.

Any name consists of several parts, which are separated by dots. Each part consists of domains of different levels. As a rule, three domain levels are used for a website.

Domain levels

They are determined by how many dotted words the name contains. First you need to decide on the audience of the resource and choose a name based on this.

For the first level, they can be divided into two types:

1. Domains that designate a geographic location. They show which country they belong to. For example, domain.ru means that the site belongs to Russia, .ua - Ukraine, .au - Australia, .cz - Czech Republic, and so on.
2. Determining the type of activity. The .org domain indicates that the site is non-commercial, .info is informational, .com is created for commerce.

It is worth noting that this classification is rather arbitrary; anyone can register for it. For example, a site ending in .cz may have nothing to do with the Czech Republic, but a site with the name .com may not be involved in commerce.

A second-level domain is a unique name for a website. For example, site.ru belongs to an organization or By the way, since the names should not be repeated, when registering, checking the domain name in a certain zone is necessary.

Third level - defines a resource within a second level domain. They are mostly free, but are not very popular among professional webmasters.

What level to choose a domain

If the project is long-term and designed to make a profit, then you should choose a second-level domain. Yes, it's paid, but it doesn't cost that much and eliminates the disadvantages that a third-party domain has. Despite the fact that it is free, it has a number of disadvantages:

• The name becomes longer and therefore more difficult to remember.
• As a rule, it is tied to a specific hosting; if you change the latter, you will have to change the domain.
• Since all services are free, you cannot demand anything from the host owners. Anything can happen to the site, and there will even be no one to file claims against.

The third level of the domain can be chosen if the resource is created with the goal of trying one’s strengths and gaining experience.

Also, when choosing, it is worth considering what audience the site is aimed at. If it’s in Russian, then you should choose the domain zone.ru. For international or multilingual projects the best option will.com.

How to choose a name

A domain name is a website, so you shouldn’t approach the choice carelessly.

Firstly, the more concise the name, the better. The name should be memorable and not too long. The name can indicate the type of activity, for example avto.com, and it will immediately be clear what information the user will find on the page. But ivan.ru does not reveal much about the subject of the site, unless it is Ivan’s personal blog. If this is an online store, then the domain must contain its name. A name that contains a keyword works well.

Secondly, the name in the domain is mostly written in Latin, so you need to make sure that it is displayed correctly and is readable. You should not assume that all users know English, so problems may arise with writing letters that are not in the foreign alphabet (ch, sch, yu, ya).

Third, before using English language, you need to check their spelling correctly.

Fourthly, it would not be superfluous to check the domain name to see if there are similar names in other zones. It’s okay if there are some, but when it’s a competing resource, the user may mistakenly go to someone else’s page.

Domain name registration

You need to register a domain only with reliable partners. You should carefully read the documentation and capabilities of the seller. There is no need to save, otherwise troubles may arise later. Domain registration, which costs 99 rubles, looks very suspicious, and in the end, after purchasing it, you may find that, for example, there is no administration panel. Or resale will require you to provide a bunch of documents and perform many steps. As a result, it will take a lot of nerves and strength.